Show Tables Command in SQL

MySQL is open-source relational database management software that website owners and others use to organize and retrieve data from databases. A database consists of one or more tables with several columns, each containing information. In relational databases, the tables can cross-reference one another. If you run a website and use MySQL, you may need to view a complete list of tables in the database. Using the MySQL Command Line Client Connect to your web server and log in to your database. Pick the database you want to use if you have more than one. In this example, the database is named Pizza Store. $ mysql -u root -pmysql USE pizza_store; Now use the MySQL SHOW TABLES command to list the tables in the chosen database. mysql SHOW TABLES; This command returns a list of all the tables in the chosen database. MySQL Tips   Every MySQL command ends with a semicolon. If it is missing, the command does not execute.The MySQL command line is not case sensitive, but commands are usually written in uppercase, while  tables, databases, usernames, and text are usually in lowercase to make them easier to identify. When to Use a Database A database is a structured collection of data. Occasions when a database  might come in handy when you are working on your website include: If you have an online store, a database stores the products you sell, the customer information, and the orders.A database for an online forum stores member names, forums, topics, and posts.A blog uses a database to store blog posts, categories, comments, and tags. Why  Use MySQL Because it is open-source software, it is free to everybody.MySQL can be installed on lots of different platforms.MySQL is usually included in most web-hosting packages.Its easy to use.It works well with PHP to add functionality to your website.

The Islamic State ( Is A Militant Movement Based On A...

Summary: The Islamic State (IS) is a militant movement based on a fundamental doctrine of Sunni Islam. For the United States, the Islamic State presents an existential threat of terrorism (Laub). ISIS â€Å"accelerates the collapse of world order, provokes domestic and global trends that endanger American values and way of life, and plan direct attacks against the U.S. and its partners† (Kagan et al.). ISIS has been linked to attacks in Lebanon, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia, and loyalty has been pledged to the group by fighters in diverse states, such as Nigeria, Libya, Sinai, and Afghanistan. Thousands of fighters from these regions and states across the world, including the United States, have joined the Islamic State and may potentially carry out attacks in their own homelands. Furthermore, the United States has a humanitarian interest in the conflict – over four million refugees have fled Syria since 2015, some of which will be resettling in the U.S (Byman). Taking thes e threats to U.S. interests into consideration, it is necessary to explore solutions that would allow for the degradation and ultimate defeat of ISIS before it can further endanger the U.S. and its citizens (NSS). Background: ISIS, having occupied territory in western Iraq, eastern Syria, and Libya, commands great authority, both political and theological, over Muslims across the world. Since the group’s 2003 origins, it has capitalized on the disenfranchisement of Sunni Muslims in Iraq and Syria – particularlyShow MoreRelatedIslamic Way of warfare23558 Words   |  95 PagesDEFINING ISLAMIC WAY OF WARFARE AND ITS COMPARISON WITH AL QAEDA DOCTRINE A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Military History by MAJOR INTEKHAB HAIDER KHAN, BANGLADESH ARMY M.S., Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2011 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2012-01 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. REPORTRead MoreTwo Opposing Perspectives Of Islam2110 Words   |  9 PagesPerspectives of Islam By definition, Islam is a religion of those who obey the doctrines of the Prophet Muhammad. Muhammad, who in the 7th century lived in Arabia, initiated a religious movement that throughout the Middle East was supported by the Arabs. 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Defining Fundamentalism and the Backgrounds of Islamic Fundamentalism 3.2. Islamic fundamentalist movements Conclusion Bibliography Introduction Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world and is second only to Christianity in number of adherents. Muslims live in all parts of the world, but the majority of Muslims are concentrated in the Middle East andRead MoreJihad : Islamic Tradition And Theology3512 Words   |  15 Pagesof jihad in Islamic tradition and theology, the study unveils the logical and hermeneutical presuppositions of Islam in upholding the doctrine of jihad in the 21st century. As a universalistic religion with the ultimate aim of converting the entire world and eliminating other religions, Islam uses jihad as the last option either in self- defence, or territorial expansion. Jihad may mean self-purification in theory, but for political Islam, it is a strategy to defeat the enemies of Islam through fullRead More just war Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pagesthat of the just war. The quot;Just War Theoryquot; specifies under which conditions war is just. Opposition based on the Just War Theory differs from that of pacifists. Oppositionists oppose particular wars but not all war. Their opposition is based on principals of justice rather than principles of pacifism (Becker 926). In the monotheistic religious traditions of Christianity and Islam, one role of God (or Allah) is to limit or control aggressions among humankind. In these religious traditionsRead MoreJihad: What America Created Essay1756 Words   |  8 Pagesand supporting Islamic texts, jihad means striving. However, there are several words and phrases, that when coupled with jihad, display a variety of sentiments. The phrase fi sabil Allah, in Gods path, can be interpreted as fighting for the sake of God. 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With this hypothesis, it is easy to underline simple conclusions about the link betweenRead MoreEssay about Extremist Islamic Terrorism: Jemaah Islamiyah 4102 Words   |  17 Pagesanalysis of the motivations behind its founder and the future of JI and radical Islam. The analysis is provided in seven parts that cover key areas including the inception of JI, the status and role of Ba’asyir, the ideological influence of Darul Islam, JI’s manifesto and operational charter, the splintering of JI and the future of Islamic extremists and the response from authorities. The analysis shows that Islamic extremism is not only present but prevalent in Indonesia today. Hard line groupsRead MoreJihadists and their religious and political affects Essay2762 Words   |  12 PagesJihad is a term that is often misunderstood, and it is usually associated with militant and radical groups, which cause chaos in the environment. 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Dont Back Down free essay sample

Don’t Back Down â€Å"I’m still gunna have recess, right?† Of all things, recess was the only concern I had about skipping a grade. We will write a custom essay sample on Dont Back Down or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I didn’t consider the challenges of being a year younger than the rest of my class. Then again, what six-year-old does? Recess would not be the only problem in my career. I encountered others, like learning how to count money. New room. New kids. New teacher†¦ old feeling. It was that feeling where you think your stomach is upside down. The teacher introduced me to the class, but the less-than-interested looks on their faces said it all. This would become a time for me to show my perseverance. I jumped into the lesson: counting money. The teacher expected me to know what I was doing. No such luck. I had only played with my parent’s money, not counted it. When the teacher noticed me struggling, she asked if I felt comfortable skipping a grade. â€Å"Yeah, I’ll get it,† I said. Wrong, wrong, wrong. My answers were off by a baseball player’s salary. Getting the questions wrong was like being three cents short of buying a hamburger at McDonalds. However, I was about to win the lottery. By middle school, counting money was no longer an issue, and making the honor roll was just as easy. With school comes friends, and with friends come sports and activities that you do together. Soccer was our sport. There was a red card on the play though: the teams go by age, not grade. But the age difference didn’t stop me from trying out with the older kids. 50 boys trying out for a spot on an 18 person squad means bad news for a lot of kids. The size and talent of some of the other kids made me want to tryout with the younger group. But giving up wasn’t an option. I ran past defenders, scored goals, and did everything else right to earn a spot on the team. We developed as a team, dominating our conference every year and traveling around the state to win tournaments. College will follow this path, and pose more challenges for me. I thrive off of everyday challenges; if everything were easy, than there wouldn’t be any pride or feeling good about yourself in the end. My willingness to take on challenges will result in solving any problems in your university and community, making them both better places to live. In my mind, applying for college is more like applying for more challenges. And I’d love to take on the challenges your school has to offer.

Gross Domestic Product Economy

Question: Discuss about the Gross Domestic Product Economy. Answer: Introduction The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is defined as the final monetary value of all the goods and services produced within the boundaries of the country in a given financial year. (Mankiw, 2006) The GDP of a closed economy is mainly composed of private consumption expenditures, private and public investments and government expenditures. (Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz, 2010) However, when a country is expose to the global forum, that is, when a country is involved in international trade, the GDP along with the other components also includes the net exports. (Krugman, 2007) Exports which add to the national income of a country are added to the GDP whereas imports which represent an outflow of income are deducted from the national income, that is, the GDP. Hence, we consider the net exports in the GDP calculation. (Blanchard,2007 ) The GDP is an indicator of the economic growth and the standard of living of a country. (Case and Fair, 2006), (Blanchard, 2006) GDP is the most important measure in evaluating the economic performance of a country. The growth of GDP reflects the economic growth rate of a country. The GDP is hence an indicator of the economic progress of a country. As and when the GDP grows, the output in the economy expands. In financial terms, this implies an increase in the income of the people which is turn boosts both consumption and investment demand and the cycle continues. The economy develops gradually through this process. Once an economy is exposed to international trade, the aggregate demand receives a boost from the demand for exports. When a country can engage in trade, it can export the products in which it has comparative cost advantage and import the commodities that are relatively costlier to produce in the domestic economy. This process as a whole affects the GDP of the economy positively. It also provides prospects of economic growth and development. Per capita GDP on the other hand reflects the standard of living of a country. With increases in the GDP and with the population remaining constant, the per capita GDP increases. This implies an improved standard of living in the economy and an implicit increase in the overall welfare. The growth rate of GDP represents the economic growth rate of a country. Thus GDP is the true economic measure of the growth and partly the development of an economy. (Barro and Martin, 2006) The Australian economy is a mixed market economy and it is one of the largest in the world. Service sector is the most important industry in the economy contributing the maximum proportion of GDP. (Scutt, 2016) In addition to that, the mining and agricultural sectors being the export sectors of the economy largely influence economic growth. Before the Global Financial crisis, the growth was considerably around 3.4% in the Australian Economy. The international financial turmoil affected the economy and henceforth the economic growth or the GDP growth rate of Australia has remained approximate 2.5% over the past years. However, in 2012, Australia experienced a rapid rise in the economic growth to 3.5%. Higher terms of trade and rising demand for the export of raw materials over the years have played a major role in the dynamics of the Australian economy. The rising purchasing power of households has led to increased investments especially in the mining sector. However, manufacturing ou tput has been decreasing over the last few years. The main contributors to economic growth are the mining sectors and the services sector. (Mulligan, 2016) The current economic growth rate is 3.1%. Inflation is about 1% with the cash rate being around 1.5%. The unemployment rate is about 5.8%. (Scutt, 2016) The relative contribution of the sectors can be shown as follows: SECTOR CONTRIBUTION IN GDP (%) SERVICES 58 CONSTRUCTION 9 MINING 7 MANUFACTURING 7 RETAIL TRADE 5 GDP (Comparing Australia and China) China is a socialist market economy. It has recorded the fastest growth rate in the world of around 10% for over three decades. The major contributor in the national income is the public sector and the private sector has a very minimum role to play in the economy. (Vawani,2016) China is known for its manufacturing sector which is the largest in the world and accounts for the exports of the economy. (Magnier, 2016) To compare the GDP of Australia to that of China, the GDP figures, the growth rate of GDP and the per capita GDP is taken into consideration. The GDP (PPP, constant 2011 international $) of Australia and China from 2010 to 2014 is shown as follows: TABLE 1 (GDP) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 911304031484 12613890833917 2011 932989069867 13810256092313 2012 966881953234 14880592037847 2013 990474347265 16023988452379 2014 1015234732343 17188685792266 The GDP of Australia and China can be compared with the following column diagram: CHART 1 As can be seen from Chart 1, there is a huge scale difference between the GDP of the two countries considered. While the GDP figure of China has ranged around 8 to 9 trillion USD over the years with a very prominent growing trend, the GDP of Australia is around 1.5 trillion USD. Thus Chinas GDP is almost 6 times that of Australia and this figure has been consistent over the period of five years considered. The following table represents the GDP growth rates (annual %) of Australia and China over 2010-2014: TABLE 2 (GDP GROWTH RATE, %) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 2.0182 10.632 2011 2.3796 9.4845 2012 3.6327 7.7503 2013 2.44 7.6838 2014 2.4999 7.2685 Table 2 shows that while the growth rate of China has started from 10% and has reduced to 7% in the recent years, the growth rate of Australia has been almost four times less than that of China at around 2-3% over the years concerned. This is illustrated with the following line graph: CHART 2 As is evident from Chart 2, the growth rate of China has fallen in the time period concerned. However, in spite of that, the growth rate has been much more than that of Australia. The latter has registered a growing GDP from 2010 to 2012 after which it has slightly fallen to become constant in the recent years. This huge difference in the growth rates of the two countries is indicative of the difference in their respective economic progress controlling for other factors. Compared to China, Australia seems to be growing at a much slower pace. The following table represents the per capita GDP (PPP, constant 2011 international $) of Australia and Chine from 2010 to 2014: TABLE 3 (Per Capita Gdp) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 41363.22 9429.501 2011 41763.12 10274.49 2012 42540.97 11016.99 2013 42845.49 11805.09 2014 43256.48 12599.18 As Table 3 shows, the per capita GDP of Australia is much more than that of China. This is represented in the following chart: CHART 3 As represented by the column diagram in Chart 3, the per capita GDP of China is much lower than that of Australia. Though the overall GDP of China records much higher figures, the per capita GDP reflects quite the opposite. The main reason behind this is the huge population of China compared to which the population of Australia is much less. Hence when the total GDP gets divided among the entire population, the resulting per capita GDP becomes much lower. The population of the two countries is shown in the following table: TABLE 4 (Population) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 22031750 1337705000 2011 22340024 1344130000 2012 22728254 1350695000 2013 23117353 1357380000 2014 23470118 1364270000 The following column diagram compares the population of the two countries over the period concerned: CHART 4 As is evident from Chart 4, the population of China is way more than that of Australia. The difference is so huge that the columns for Australia are almost not visible in comparison to those of China. This is the reason why the per capita income in China is much less than that of Australia. Thus, even though the economic growth of China exceeds that of Australia by a huge margin, the per capita income is much less which is indicative of a much lower standard of living in China than in Australia in spite of the rapid economic development. However, in the recent years, the population in China has decreased due to various population control measures adopted by the Chinese government. That is why the per capita GDP has been increasing in the recent years. But it will take a considerable span of time to increase the per capita GDP in China because population control measures are the most effective in the very long run. (Lee, 2016) , (Walker, 2016) The growth rate of per capita GDP (annual %) in Australia and China is shown in the following table: Table 5 (Per Capita Gdp Growth Rate, %) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 0.443578 10.09869 2011 0.966807 8.961165 2012 1.86253 7.226582 2013 0.715833 7.153475 2014 0.959239 6.726721 The growth rate of per capita GDP is shown in the following diagram: CHART 5 The growth rate of per capita GDP is much more in China, that is, it is almost 10 times as much as that in Australia. There may be different reasons for this behaviour of the per capita GDP. The GDP growth rate and the population growth rate in Australia have been consistent over the years. Hence the per capita GDP growth rate is not as much in Australia. However, for China, the GDP has been growing drastically, whereas the population growth rate has been controlled due to various measures adopted by the government. Thus, the per capita GDP growth rate registers high figures. From 2010 to 2012, the per capita GDP in China has been falling while that in Australia has been rising. After that, the per capita GDP in China has almost become constant while that of Australia has initially fallen and then become constant. (Downes, Hanslow and Tulip, 2014) Thus, the economic growth rate of China is much more than that of Australia. However, the standard of living, as measured by the per capita GDP is much less in China as compared to Australia. The cause of this divergence is the huge population of China. (Jun, 2013), (Scutt, 2016) Factors Affecting the GDP of Australia One of the main factors influencing the GDP growth rate in the Australian economy is the consistent employment generation that has taken place in the economy over the past few years. As new jobs are created, more and more people get employed. This in turn leads to the increase in output from the supply side. (Wilkie and McDonald, 2008) Again, when these people start earning or earning more than they were earning earlier, their consumption and investment demand increase. This boosts up the aggregate demand and hence augments economic growth from the demand side as well. The reduction in unemployment in the Australian economy is one such evidence in favour of the GDP growth being a result of job creation. On the flip side, when unemployment increases, the GDP growth slows down from both the supply side and the demand side of the economy. Thus employment or unemployment is a major factor affecting the GDP of Australia. (Mulligan, 2016) Commodity prices is another component of the GDP that influences the GDP to a great extent. Australia being an exporter of mining and agricultural products, faces international prices with respect to the same. As prices of these commodities fall in the international market, it negatively affects the export sector thereby hindering the GDP growth. On the other hand, demand for exports also rise when prices fall. So the ultimate effect on GDP is determined by the relative changes in prices and demand, that is, the price elasticity of demand. Over the past decade, Australia has experienced a steep increase in the terms of trade mainly due to increase in demand for iron ore and coking coal from China. (Scutt, 2016) Wage growth is also an important factor in determining the GDP. As wages grow, the GDP increases because of a demand side boost that increases the aggregate demand. However, rising wages also translate into rising prices and this may pull down demand. The end result again depends on the relative effects. (Mulligan, 2016) Investment is a primary determinant of GDP. The Australian economy mainly acquires investment in the mining sector. However, rising confidence in the non-mining sectors giving way to rising investment can uplift the economy to a great extent. Credit growth in the business sector of Australia has increased which is a positive sign for the economy. (Downes, Manslow and Tulip, 2014) Various fiscal and monetary policies adopted by the government of Australia influences the growth rate. Economic shocks have also a considerable role to play. However, the booming mining sector absorbs the business cycle shocks protecting the economy from vulnerability. An instance of this is the flexibility reflected by the Australian economy during the Global Financial Crisis because the shock was absorbed mostly by the mining sector. (Mulligan, 2016) Factors Affecting the GDP Of China After the market reforms of 1978, China moved from a centrally planned economy to a market-based economy. Since then, it has experienced tremendous social as well as economic development. The average GDP growth rate is almost 10 percent per annum which is a remarkable number in itself. This growth has moreover been sustained by the Chinese economy over the years, which is the first of its kind in the history of the world. More than 800 million people have been driven out of the poverty as a consequence of this rapid progress. By 2015, China attained all the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is currently the second largest economy in the world and contributes significantly to the global economy. China economy is a large exporter of cheap substitute electronics and other kinds of commodities like apparel, textiles, medical instruments and iron and steel in the world market. Trade is thus an important determinant of the GDP of China. (Peston, 2015) In a booming Chinese economy, foreign and domestic investment has been a major contributor to the growth of GDP. Labour abundance arising out of the huge population of China has contributed to the production of the many labour-intensive commodities that the economy produces for the domestic market as well as in the global markets. (Walker, 2015) Thus population growth which however has recently been checked is also an important contributor of the GDP. However, it is still a developing country with incomplete market reforms. Rapid growth and development have been accompanied by rising inequality, issues of environmental sustainability, urbanization and external imbalances. China is the largest manufacturing exporter on the global trade forum. (Assbring, 2012) The manufacturing sector plays a very important role in determining the GDP of the economy. However, China also imports various inputs like iron ore, etc. in huge volumes. The trade sector thus greatly affects the GDP. One major factor that has adverse as well as positive effects on the GDP of China is the population of the economy. (Schreurs, 2014) The reduction in the per capita income of the economy is a result of the huge population. This leads to a deterioration in the overall standard of living. The one-child policy that has lately been adopted by the Chinese government is a strategy towards reducing the population growth. (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2014) Though the effectiveness of the policy will be delayed, in the future, this will lead to a considerable improvement in the GDP growth. Thus, the overall economic performance of the Chinese economy has been consistent and better over the years . (Vaswani, 2016) Conclusion Australia is an exporter of mining and agricultural commodities. On the international forum, the economy has experienced considerable export boom. International trade being a primary GDP component affects the GDP figures of the country. The mining industry of Australia is presumably the most efficient in the world and persistent growth in this sector contributes to the growing GDP of the economy. In addition to that, real estate investments in certain parts of the country have shown successful prospects over the past few years. Labour productivity is also an important factor that the country has an advantage over and which helps the GDP grow. Thus, Australia has been performing well over the past years except for occasional fluctuations in certain macroeconomic variables. On the other hand, the Chinese economy has progressed rapidly over the past few years because of the proper implementation of reforms and appropriate policies. The population growth has been considerably checked to support economic growth. Moreover, the country has made a remarkable progress in the international trade forum. It is a very important entity in the global trade framework contributing a major part of world exports. If China continues to grow at this rapid rate over the next years, it will soon surpass some of the major world economies in terms of growth and development. References Barro, R and Martin, X 2006, Economic Growth, Mit Press, USA. Blanchard, O 2007, Macroeconomics, Prentice Hall, USA. Blanchard, O 2006, Lectures on Macroeconomics, Mit Press, USA. Case, K and Fair, R 2006, Principles of Macroeconomics, Prentice Hall, USA. Dornbusch, R, Fischer, S and Startz, R 2010, Macroeconomics, McGraw-Hill, USA. Krugman, P 2007, Macroeconomics, Worth Publishers, USA. Mankiw, N 2006, Macroeconomic, Wh Freeman, USA. Samuelson, P and Nordhaus, W 2014, Macroeconomics, McGraw-Hill, USA. Schreurs, M 2014, 3 factors that will affect Chinas GDP growth rate this year, viewed 18 August 2016, https://globalriskinsights.com/2014/03/3-factors-that-will-affect-chinas-gdp-growth-rate-this-year/. Assbring, M 2012, What factors affect economic growth in China? , viewed 18 August 2016, https://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:540820/FULLTEXT01.pdf. Jun, Z 2013, Chinas untapped growth potential, viewed 19 August 2016, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/jun-zhang-examines-the-factors-affecting-china-s-potential-rate-of-gdp-growth?barrier=true Vaswani, K 2016, Chinas transition: What transition?, viewed 18 August 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36051412. Vaswani, K 2016, Chinas challenges: A bumpy road ahead, viewed 18 August 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35873886. Peston, R 2015, What is Chinas new normal?, viewed 18 August 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34344926. Walker, A 2015, Chinas economy is stumbling, but by how much?, viewed 19 August 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34340936. Walker, A 2016, Chinas economic tightrope act, viewed 18 August 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36040706. www.bbc.com 2016, China economic growth slowest in 25 years, viewed 19 August 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35349576. Lee, J 2016, How slow will Chinas economic growth go?, viewed 19 August 20146, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/07/21/commentary/world-commentary/slow-will-chinas-economic-growth-go/#.V7aZHSh9600. Magnier, M 2016, Chinas Economic Growth in 2015 is slowest in 25 years, viewed 19 August 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-economic-growth-slows-to-6-9-on-year-in-2015-1453169398. Scutt, D 2016, Australias economy is stronger than anyone thought, viewed 18 August 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com.au/australia-gdp-q4-2015-economic-growth-2016-3. Mulligan, M 2016, GDP: Australias economic growth accelerates in first quarter, viewed 18 August 2016, https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/gdp-growth-accelerates-in-first-quarter-20160531-gp8nna.html. www.theconversation.com 2015, Budget explainer: the forces influencing Australias economy, viewed 18 August 2016, https://theconversation.com/budget-explainer-the-forces-influencing-australias-economy-41161. Downes, P Hanslow, K and Tulip, P 2014, The Effect of the Mining Boom on the Australian Economy, viewed 19 August 2016, https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2014/pdf/rdp2014-08.pdf Wilkie, J and McDonald, T 2008, Economic geography and economic performance in Australia, viewed 19 August 2016, https://archive.treasury.gov.au/documents/1421/HTML/docshell.asp?URL=01%20Economic%20geography%20and%20economic%20performance%20in%20Australia.htm.

Why You Must Try Self-Publishing

Have you been plodding the path of traditional publishing? Trying to find an agent or publisher to look at your work, with no success? Is your ego bruised and beaten from the constant rejection? Well, if you’ve had it up to here with the battering from conventional publishing companies, read on for a solution to your woes. Really, why do we persist in pursuing something so painful when the option of self-publishing is now so readily available? Gone are the days of the misunderstood author who can’t catch a break. Today, a writer can take on the responsibility and control of their publishing destiny, independent of agents, publishers and poor royalties. Excited? Then, let’s explore why an author would want to do that, and how. Creative Control When you choose to self-publish, you and your resources are responsible for the input of all creative content. This means you’ll be involved in every step of the production process with complete authority to create what you like, when you like. You’ll be making decisions about: writing proofreading editing formatting artwork, illustrations, and book covers budgets release dates marketing and promotions With traditional publishing, the author is usually only involved in the first two points, writing and proofreading. As an independently published author, you have full control over all aspects of getting your book to market. That doesn’t mean you have to do everything yourself, of course. One of the common themes of the successful indie author is the recommendation to hire professionals to handle some of the aesthetics. Formatting, artwork and book covers can all be successfully contracted out to industry experts if you don’t have the inclination or skills to do the work yourself. The point is to have a polished product that meets a high standard of professionalism – you want your book to look its best. Business Control As an indie author you retain all rights to your work and control the destiny of your business. Copyright, reprinting and distribution remain within the scope of your business domain. And as the business owner, you’ll have full authority over the following: Imprinting. You’ll need to establish a business identity if you plan on selling any of your books, as you then become a retailer. Price point. What price will you determine for your work? This article from Jane Litte at dearauthor.com has some interesting insights and observations on digital pricing. Budgets. Determine your budgets for any contracting services as well as marketing and promotions, because initially they’ll be coming out of your pocket. Until your sales with decent royalties fill the coffers again, that is. Publishing platform. You get to choose which of the self-publishing platforms will best serve your needs. You get paid monthly. Any distribution outlets that carry your books, such as Amazon, Barnes Nobel, Borders etc., will pay out on royalties on a monthly basis. Faster Publication A common complaint about old-fashioned publishing is the length of time it takes from signing a contract, to when the book arrives in the stores. An eighteen to twenty four months time frame is not uncommon. And that’s after the time it took to find an agent and a publisher. If your material is of a time sensitive nature, such as technology, medicine, science or current events, that’s simply too long. With self-publishing, you can have your published book ready for purchase within days or weeks you determine the pace. You Pocket the Profits Traditional publishers pay anywhere from between 6 – 25% royalties. As a self- published author, you keep 100% of the profits if you sell direct. Outlets such as Amazon pay up to 70% royalties on sales (if priced in their golden mean of between $2.99 and $9.99, royalties drop to 35% above or below those prices). If you want an idea of what royalties will come your way at each price point, check out the Amazon Royalties Estimator in the sidebar of Joe Konrath’s blog. It’s great for dreaming big. Steps to Self-Publishing If you’ve made the bold decision to go down the self-publishing route, congratulations! You’re in for quite a trip! And the following partial list taken from A Newbie’s Guide to Self Publishing by J.A. Konrath will help you on your way. Set your goal. First establish why you’re publishing to decide how to publish. This step will determine which self-publishing model to choose from; print-on-demand, vanity, subsidy, etc. Determine your price point. Do some research for pricing in your genre to decide where in Smashword’s sweet spot price range, your book will best be suited. Format your book. Do it yourself or hire someone. But if you plan on selling your book, do remember that appearances count. That first impression is important, so give your book a professional look and show that you mean business. Design your book cover. Lots of fun in this creative step, but again, maintain a high standard of professionalism at all stages. Write your product description. Pack your description with pertinent info and similar in style to that of others in your genre. Publish and publicize. Upload your digital version to the platform of your choice, and use social media to announce your release dates. Sure, there are more initial costs to self-publishing a book than with an established publishing house, and you do have all the responsibilities. It takes a lot of time, effort and energy to publish independently, but so does any solo entrepreneurial effort. It’s a business, and if you treat it as such you’ll enjoy the profits that come with running a successful business. And while self-publishing may not appeal to all writers, isn’t it great to know that the option exists if you do want to take control of your own publication empire?

Explain the Problem of Induction- Discuss Two Different Solutions to It. Essays

Explain the Problem of Induction- Discuss Two Different Solutions to It. Essays Explain the Problem of Induction- Discuss Two Different Solutions to It. Essay Explain the Problem of Induction- Discuss Two Different Solutions to It. Essay Explain the problem of induction- Discuss two different solutions to it. The problem of induction is the philosophical issue of whether using induction to justify our beliefs is reasonable. We have memories and experience from past events that allow us to prepare for the future. Although the future is not certain, using generalizations and predictions, we can assume with some certainty that, what will happen tomorrow, will be similar, if not the same as what happened today. We use induction to predict events happening in the future or make generalizations based on previous information we have obtained for example, we can assume that during the day, the sun will pass over the sky and disappear at night. We can assume this because it has happened every day that we have cared to notice since we existed. We also make generalizations, for example, every spider I have seen had exactly eight legs, and therefore I can say that the next spider I see will have eight legs also. The conclusions of the above arguments arrived due to inductive reasoning but they do not necessarily have the same degree of certainty as the premises. Some spiders may carry a certain gene that when bred with a spider with a similar gene, may produce a six legged spider. Although the likely hood of that happening may be low, it is possible and therefore makes the argument invalid. Making a series of observations, however many, may be thought to imply a particular conclusion about some future event only if induction itself works. If a prediction turns out to be correct, it does not establish the reliability of induction, except inductively. How can a prediction or a conclusion to an inductive argument be justified? David Hume (1711-1776, cited in Sober, 2004) states that there is a missing premise in all inductive arguments. Inductive arguments take the form of Observation (1) in my experience, fires are hot Conclusion (2) therefore, all fires are hot Hume states that the inference from observation to conclusion is evidence that the induction argument above is not fully clear. Without a second thought, the argument passes from observation to conclusion and shows that we accept a principle connecting the two. Hume formulates this missing premise as the claim that the future will resemble the past; a principle that is normally overlooked because everyone thinks it to be common sense, but it is present in every instance of inductive reasoning. What Hume suggests to make the inference from observation to conclusion valid is a premise that he calls the principal of the uniformity of nature (PUN) This principal does not claim that the future will resemble the past in every respect, it merely states that in some respect, the future will resemble the past. The new argument takes the form Observation (1) in my experience, fires are hot (PUN) (2) Nature is uniform Conclusion (3) therefore, all fires are hot The above argument is now valid. The premises justify the conclusion. We must assume that PUN if an inductive argument is made. Sceptics may still find the conclusion not rationally justified and therefore would have to attack a premise. The obvious choice for a sceptic would be to attack premise 2. They would state that PUN is an inductive argument it self e. g. 1)For as long as I have observed, nature has been constant Therefore, (2) Nature in general is uniform An inductive argument cannot defend an inductive argument as that would be circular and PUN cannot be defended by a deductive argument as the observations we have made provide no evidence for this. Perhaps to defend the PUN, I could change the definition to fit a similar statement as â€Å"all circles are round. † Hume rejected this by stating that there would be no c ontradiction in supposing that the universe should suddenly change (Sober, 2004). Also PUN infers that the future resembles the past in some respect. This principal would not help me if I wanted to know how many legs spiders have in the future. If the future is only similar in some respect how can PUN be a reliable insight into the future? As shown above, PUN cannot be defended and therefore cannot be justified. Therefore the problem of induction is that all of the inductive inferences we make cannot be rationally justified, we cannot give a reason why we make the inferences we do. Hume suggested a solution to the problem of induction; he stated that because of our natural beliefs and basic instincts. When we are all born with the acceptance of PUN, every human and every animal has this trait. Perhaps we have obtained this from the countless years of evolution or a gift from a divine being. Wherever it comes from, it is set so deeply in our minds that we have no real choice about whether to accept it. We are able to momentarily forget about the principal, but nature soon reasserts itself and we begin to make generalizations and assumptions. Hume also state that when we are confronted with a natural belief, a belief that comes to us as naturally e. g. believing the sun will rise in the morning, we are rationally justified in accept it. A belief can be rational in this sense even though we cannot supply any convincing arguments for it. If two people therefore have different beliefs regarding the same situation e. g. the sun will rise tomorrow and the sun will not rise tomorrow, they can both be rationally justified if it is their natural beliefs that caused their decisions. What we are rationally entitled to believe depends on what sort of beliefs we have, and not just on the available evidence and argument. In conclusion, the problem of induction does not have a definite solution that every can agree to. A possible solution may be to believe in what we naturally believe in. Reference: Sober, E. ( 4th edn. 2004). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Education Inc. http://explanation-guide. info/meaning/Problem-of-induction. html

How significant a role did Ideology play in the formation of Soviet Essay

How significant a role did Ideology play in the formation of Soviet foreign policy - Essay Example The paper tells that Soviet analysts have held that the central characteristic of Soviet foreign policy was established through Lenin’s Decree on Peace that was approved in November 1917 by the Second Congress of Soviets. It set forth the two fold objectives of Soviet foreign policy that encompassed both peaceful coexistence and proletarian globalism. On the one side, proletarian globalism is understood as the normal basis for the working classes of all nations that struggled to bring down the bourgeoisie and to introduce communist governments. On the other hand, peaceful coexistence referred to adopting procedures to establish comparatively passive inter government relationships with capitalist nations. Both these policies could be pursued together because Soviet policy makers believed that peaceful coexistence assumes that there will be strong resistance to imperialist aggressions. It also presupposed the backing for people protecting their radical achievements or fighting e xternal oppressions. Under Lenin, the policy of the Soviet Union can be defined as involving both pragmatism and ideology, which was a part of the dialectical process. Marxist ideology provided a strong basis for the Bolsheviks to act against the material conditions faced by them. Marxism Leninism pertained to the idea of contextualizing Soviet actions relative to the material circumstances that confronted the Bolsheviks and the proletariat during this period. The initial foreign policy decisions taken by the Bolsheviks were about the issue of how the Great War was to be approached. Eventually, the Bolshevik government made a decision to end the involvement of the Tsar with the central powers by accepting the peace terms dictated by Germany. Consequently, the Bolsheviks lost control of several regions that were under Russian control such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, which implied the loss of vast areas as well as more than a population of 50 million people, inc luding coal mining, iron production and significant parts of the rail networks. Accepting such severe terms can be understood as a practical approach towards foreign policy because the Soviets wanted to have the best possible bargain under the given circumstances (Goldgejer, 1994). During this time, there were divisions in terms of the relationship between pragmatism and ideology amongst Lenin, Trotsky and Bukharin. Lenin felt that the decisions taken were in keeping with the Soviet ideology and Trotsky held that if there was no war, peace could not be established, which meant that a cease fire had to be called for without getting involved in the signing of peace treaties. Bukharin believed that there should be a revolutionary war because he wanted that Russia should continue with the war, which would allow Russia to get support from the Germans who in turn would stop assisting the war initiatives against the Bolsheviks. In this context, communist ideology indicates that Bukharinâ⠂¬â„¢s sense of communists was the actual understanding of Marxism because of the element of internationalism (Hoffman et al., 1981). Foreign policy of the Soviet Union is often held responsible with compromising on ideology relative to the need for integrating into the global political identity, which was primarily for economic motives. Soviet pragmatism aimed at gaining trade rights by providing capitalist nations with access to the country’s natural resources (Kull, 1992). This policy was driven by